Multidetector computed tomography-based evaluation of gastric volumes in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

Objective@#Resuscitation-related gastric inflation is associated with inadequate ventilation and the risk of gastric regurgitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients. This study aims to estimate resuscitation-related gastric inflation values by using multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) scanning. @*Methods@#MDCT imaging data were obtained from OHCA patients undergoing resuscitation from January 2014 to December 2020. Thirty age- and sex-matched healthy controls that underwent an MDCT scan were included. Gastric air volume (GAV), total gastric volume (TGV), and GAV/gastric content volume (GCV) ratio values were estimated. @*Results@#In healthy controls (n=30), GAV and TGV values were in the range 5.0-35.0 mL, and 202.0-1,002.0 mL, respectively. The mean GAV and TGV values of OHCA patients (n=97) were 251.0 mL (range, 55.5-896.0) and 878.0 mL (range, 430.5-1,696.0), respectively. Significant between-group differences were determined in the mean GCV, GAV, and GAV/GCV ratio values. In OHCA patients, the cut-off value for abnormal GAV was defined as 56.5 mL (mean value plus two times standard deviation). Patients with abnormal GAV findings on MDCT scans had a longer duration from arrest to the return of spontaneous circulation, low body mass index, and increased rates of lactic acidosis. @*Conclusion@#Our results indicate an association between gastric air accumulation after resuscitation with longer recovery from arrest to return of spontaneous circulation, low body mass index, and increased lactic acidosis.

Effects of Changes in Inspiratory Time on Inspiratory Flowrate and Airway Pressure during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: A Manikin-Based Study / 고신대학교의과대학학술지

Objectives@#Given that cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an aerosol-generating procedure, it is necessary to use a mechanical ventilator and reduce the number of providers involved in resuscitation for in-hospital cardiac arrest in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients or suspected COVID-19 patients. However, no study assessed the effect of changes in inspiratory time on flowrate and airway pressure during CPR. We herein aimed to determine changes in these parameters during CPR and identify appropriate ventilator management for adults during CPR. @*Methods@#We measured changes in tidal volume (Vt), peak inspiratory flow rate (PIFR), peak airway pressure (Ppeak), mean airway pressure (Pmean) according to changes in inspiratory time (0.75 s, 1.0 s and 1.5 s) with or without CPR. Vt of 500 mL was supplied (flowrate: 10 times/min) using a mechanical ventilator. Chest compressions were maintained at constant compression depth (53 ± 2 mm) and speed (102 ± 2/min) using a mechanical chest compression device. @*Results@#Median levels of respiratory physiological parameters during CPR were significantly different according to the inspiratory time (0.75 s vs. 1.5 s): PIFR (80.8 [73.3 – 87.325] vs. 70.5 [67 – 72.4] L/min, P < 0.001), Ppeak (54 [48 – 59] vs. 47 [45 – 49] cmH2O, P < 0.001), and Pmean (3.9 [3.6 – 4.1] vs. 5.7 [5.6 – 5.8] cmH2O, P < 0.001). @*Conclusions@#Changes in PIFR, Ppeak, and Pmean were associated with inspiratory time. PIFR and Ppeak values tended to decrease with increase in inspiratory time, while Pmean showed a contrasting trend. Increased inspiratory time in low-compliance cardiac arrest patients will help in reducing lung injury during adult CPR.

The Characteristics of Elderly Individuals Who Attempted Suicide by Poisoning: a Nationwide Crosssectional Study in Korea

Background@#Suicide among the elderly is a public health concern, as life expectancy is increasing rapidly and suicide rates increase with age. In Korea, self-poisoning is the most common method of attempted suicide. This study aimed to evaluate the characteristics of attempted suicide by self-poisoning among the elderly and to identify risk factors related to the suicide attempts. @*Methods@#A cross-sectional observational study was conducted using the Emergency Department-based Injury In-depth Surveillance database in Korea. We included all adult patients visiting the emergency department (ED) who attempted suicide by poisoning between January 2011 and December 2017 and stratified according to age: the elderly (≥ 65 years old) and the younger group. Characteristics and risk factors for attempted suicide by poisoning among the elderly were evaluated using stepwise regression analysis. @*Results@#Among 25,904 adult patients, 5,164 (19.9%) were classified as elderly. The elderly were more likely to be admitted to hospital and intensive care units, the average ED length of stay was longer, and total mortality was higher than that of the younger group. Male sex, low socioeconomic status, poor physical health, pesticide use, lower alcohol consumption, and fewer prior suicide attempts were found to be risk factors for suicide among the elderly. @*Conclusion@#Self-poisoning among the elderly is associated with poorer clinical outcomes than in younger adult patients. Suicide among the elderly is a potentially preventable public health problem, and with proper identification of the associated risk factors, appropriate multidisciplinary intervention strategies can be implemented.

Impact of discharge against medical advice on emergency department revisit among suicide attempters

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the clinical effects of discharge against medical advice (DAMA) on suicide reattempts and clarified the risk factors related to DAMA. METHODS: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the emergency department (ED) of Chungbuk National University Hospital from 2015 to 2017. The medical records of suicide attempters from the National Emergency Department Information System were reviewed. The primary outcome was the ED revisit rate. The characteristics of the patients associated with DAMA were also examined. RESULTS: Among 889 eligible suicide attempters, 328 patients (36.9%) were reported to have DAMA at least once during the study period. Patients who were discharged against medical advice were more likely to reattempt suicide compared to normal disposition patients (11.0% vs. 3.7%, adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 3.002; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.71–5.28). The independent risk factors for DAMA were age≤60 (AOR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.20–2.59), female (AOR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.09–1.91), ED visit at night time (AOR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.03–1.92), and ED discharge at night time (AOR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.06–1.85). CONCLUSION: Patients who were discharged against medical advice revisited the ED more after suicide attempts. Public efforts will be needed for patients who are discharged against medical advice considering those risk factors.

Delphi study to evaluate the emergency medical system operation fund support projects

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to achieve expert consensus for the evaluation of Emergency medical system operation fund (EMSOF) support projects using the Delphi method in Korea. METHODS: The Delphi study was performed in June 2018. Experts who are members of the policy committee of the Korean Society of Emergency Medicine (KSEM) participated in the study. Respondents were asked to express their level of agreement of appropriateness for the following 6 categories for 21 projects: project contents, amount of support, indicators, performance, overall evaluation, and need to maintain. With a possible score of 9 points, the project categories were classified into 3 groups, inappropriate, moderate and appropriate, based on the median score of the respondents' ratings in each question. RESULTS: Sixteen of the 18 policy committee members participated in the survey. Their average professional work years were 8.2 years. All 21 projects were evaluated as appropriate for content. Amount of support and indicators were evaluated as moderate. Only 5 out of the 21 projects were evaluated as having appropriate indicators. No projects were evaluated as ineffective. Comprehensive evaluation of the projects was evaluated as moderate, and no project was evaluated as inappropriate in fund support. CONCLUSION: Overall, the contents of the EMSOF assistance project were rated high; however, there was a disagreement on the amount of support and evaluation indicators for each project. The results of this study are expected to be used as basic data to improve the use of EMSOF.

Analysis of risk factors affecting a suicidal attempter exposing suicidal intensions for the development of the active intervention strategy for suicide prevention

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the clinical characteristics of suicide attempters who exposed their suicidal intension to suggest an active intervention strategy for suicide prevention based on the regional emergency medical service system. METHODS: A prospective database of suicide attempters who visited the emergency department of Chungbuk National University Hospital between October 2013 and December 2017 was used. All of the adult patients who provided consent for the initial assessment for suicidal attempters were eligible, excluding cases with unknown exposure of suicidal intension. The primary and secondary endpoints were the risk factors affecting exposure to the suicidal intension and characteristics of the exposure group. The adjusted odds ratios (AORs) of exposure to suicidal attempts after adjusting for potential confounders was calculated. RESULTS: Of a total 1,035 suicidal attempters enrolled, 332 (32.1%) were included in the exposure group. The exposure group was more likely to have an educational level above high school and no religion, and have suicidal characteristics at night time (18:00–08:00), under the influence of alcohol, suicidal plan before 1 week, and suicidal method involving asphyxia (P<0.05). The exposure group was more likely to have no guardian (AORs, 1.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00–2.12), use methods involving asphyxia (AORs, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.46–2.91), and attempt suicide at night (18:00 to 08:00) (AORs, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.05–1.83) compared to the no exposure group. CONCLUSION: Models need to be established, where regional mental health welfare center, local government, fire headquarter, and tele-communication companies can participate in the implementation of an active intervention strategy.

Delphi study to achieve consensus for the development strategies of emergency medical services system preparing for reunification of Korea

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to achieve expert consensus for the development of strategies emergency medical services system (EMSS) after reunification of Korean using the Delphi method. METHODS: The Delphi study was performed through several rounds from January to February in 2017. Experts who have experiences of emergency medical support in North Korea and developing countries participated in the study. Respondents were asked to express their level of agreement following 7 categories: (1) emergency medical manpower, (2) communication system, (3) emergency facilities, (4) patient transfer system, (5) consumer participation and public education, (6) insurance system, (7) disaster planning. Score 1–3 was classified as disagreement, 4–6 as medium agreement, and 7–9 as agreement and consensus was considered being achieved when more than two thirds of respondents agreed in each question. RESULTS: Response rate were 80% in the first round and 75% in the second round. Consensus was achieved in emergency medical manpower, communication system, emergency facilities, patient transfer system, and disaster planning for the important factors immediately after reunification within 5 years. Consensus was achieved in emergency medical manpower, communication system, emergency facilities, patient transfer system, consumer participation and public education, and disaster planning for the prior factors when the reunification would happen rapidly without enough preparation. CONCLUSION: Consensus was achieved in emergency medical manpower, communication system, emergency facilities, patient transfer system, disaster planning for the essential EMSS elements. The consensus was expected to utilize as a basic data for the development of EMSS preparing for reunification.